Category Archives: Crime

John Goodwin’s submission to the Justice Select Committee on Private Prosecutions

John Goodwin defends in all types of Animal Welfare Cases and currently is representing defendants in some of the Biggest RSPCA cases throughout England and Wales. He has many concerns about the role of the RSPCA as a private prosecutor and particularly the fairness of the initial stages of their investigations. Many clients are unaware when visited by the RSPCA that they do not have to let them into their premises or that the RSPCA has no powers over and above any other citizen. They have no right to insist on interviewing clients in their homes. They have strictly limited powers to seize animals.

His full submission is set out below:

I am a solicitor, a director in the firm of Cohen Cramer Limited, and the head of the Criminal Department.  I regularly defend private prosecutions brought by the RSPCA as do others in my practice.  I also defended in one of the Horizon evidence-based Post Office prosecutions.

The vast majority of our current defence work to private prosecutions is in relation to the RSPCA cases.

One of my main concerns is the pre-charge stage.  The RSPCA likes to interview suspects in their homes and, although they are obliged to advise suspects of the right to free and independent legal advice, a common theme with our clients is the claim that this has not been explained to them fully.  They are therefore interviewed without legal representation and often the interviews are not recorded.  This should change.  Private prosecutors should not be allowed to interview suspects without the suspect having an opportunity to take legal advice.  My submission would be that a system is introduced whereby interviews after RSPCA visits/raids (they do not like them being called “raids”) are not permitted on the day and that those required to be interviewed should have a notice served upon them advising them of the right to free and independent legal advice and that there should be a period, possibly seven days, for them to take advice before interviews are arranged.

I would make a further submission that suspects must be told that they will not be arrested if they refuse to be interviewed and yet a further submission that in no circumstances at all should a refusal to be interviewed or silence in an interview ever lead to an adverse inference in a private prosecution.

So far as warrants are concerned there are many cases we defend where the efficacy and legality of warrants and searches is challenged.  There is a lack of control and scrutiny over evidence that is presented to the Magistrates in applying for a warrant and there are many factual and legal issues that are litigated in relation to the execution of the warrants.  My submission is that to ensure fairness that a full record of what is stated to Magistrates in applying for warrants should be made.  The application should therefore be recorded so that there is an exact record of what has been put forward to the Magistrates.  All warrants that are executed should be recorded on body-worn video and all these recordings both in applying for a warrant and in connection with the searches should be used material and it should be obligatory that they are served on the Defendant and/or their solicitors.

In RSPCA prosecutions very often, and indeed in almost every case, animals are seized from the owners and yet owners are often prevented from visiting them or unfair restrictions are placed on visits.  The animals still belong to the owners who should be entitled to visit them without restriction unless an application is made to the Court for a restriction to be imposed backed by cogent evidence and reasons. If there is any veterinary intervention this should be immediately notified to the owner and consent should be sought and the owner should be invited to instruct a vet of their own choosing to inspect the animal and advise on appropriate treatment.  A protocol would of course have to be put in place.  So far as the investigator’s standards and duties of disclosure are concerned the full code test of the CPS  should be obligatory for all private prosecutors.  There should be confirmation in every case that the full code test has been undertaken and that it is constantly kept under review.

So far as disclosure is concerned urgent consideration should be given to a system whereby a disclosure officer is appointed to review the material as to whether it be used or unused and as to whether unused material should be disclosed and the person responsible should be independent of the organisation prosecuting and independent of the solicitors who are appointed to prosecute.  Careful consideration must to be given as to who the disclosure organisations are but I have grave concerns as to the efficacy of the disclosure decisions.

Private prosecutors should be disqualified from providing any information about any aspect of their prosecution to the press or on social media. It is regularly, if not invariably, the case with our clients that they complain of impropriety with RSPCA officers and whether such complaints are justified or not the appearance of fairness would be given if disciplinary sanctions applied to RSPCA (and other private prosecution organisations) officials and employees if they in any way alerted any branch of the media for details of their ongoing cases.

The costs of bringing prosecutions by the RSPCA (and other organisations who prosecute animal cases) are often huge.  I have an ongoing case, and permission to mention this from my client, where the RSPCA have explained to the Court that the cost of homing the animals pending a trial is currently over £1.3 million.  Due to the pandemic, the trial was aborted part-heard and might not be listed until next year when the costs will be considerably in excess of £2,000,000.  I have another ongoing case where the costs of housing the animals to a prosecuting local Council are £5,000 per month.  These cases are unique in that they are the only type of prosecution where the exhibits are living and sentient creatures.  Those whom we represent are, to use the vernacular, “scared stiff” of potential costs consequences should they defend a case and lose.  This in itself leads to an inherent unfairness in that they might wish to enter pleas, not out of any true admission of guilt, but because they are fearful as to the severe financial detriment of losing a trial.  In private prosecutions therefore there should be more than an expectation that costs claims are proportionate.  There should be a detailed scale approach to costs.

Reverting to the investigatory stage clients very often tell us that when they are visited by the RSPCA and agree to relinquish ownership of animals whether on a temporary or permanent basis, they have no idea that the RSPCA has no powers greater than an ordinary citizen.  If all such visits have to be subject to full audio and visual recording it should be stressed that there is a requirement for RSPCA inspectors and other employees to explain to those being visited the full nature of their legal powers.  Failure to provide such information should be regarded as such an egregious abuse of process that it should be subject to a statutory authority that it would automatically lead to a prosecution being stayed.  My main concerns with private prosecutions are the raids/visits to my clients in the first instance, the issues surrounding the obtaining and execution of warrants, and the approaches to the public interest and evidential stages and to the issues of disclosure.

I hope these very concise representations are of assistance.  There are only a handful of firms nationally, of which we are one, which defends any substantial volume of RSPCA private prosecutions.  I am acutely aware that representations whether concise or detailed will not get to grips with the level of detail which would need to be considered to introduce statutory or advisory safeguards.  As a director of a firm currently defending in a number of the RSPCA’s largest prosecutions, I would welcome the opportunity to provide oral submissions to the Committee.

I do not approach these issues purely from a Defence perspective.  I have concerns although I have not elaborated on them herein, as to how the Courts approach these cases, their reluctance to accept listing and direction requirements, the priority or lack of priority given to serious case management, and the fact that proposals given in the Queen’s speech to make certain Animal Welfare Act offences triable on indictment should all be given urgent consideration.

I thank you for your attention to these representations

John Goodwin

30.07.2020

https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/9496.pdf

The Big Freeze – The Rise of the Account Freezing and Account Forfeiture Order’s.

Account Freezing and Forfeiture Orders. Over the last year, there has been a substantial rise in the use of Account Freezing Order (AFrO) and Account Forfeiture Order (AFO) schemes under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA).

Increased use of AFrO and AFO

A Freedom of Information request showed that 166 orders to freeze accounts were issued by HMRC in 2019/2020 which is up 177% from the previous year.  The reasonably low threshold for authorities to obtain an AFrO makes them an obvious choice in the Prosecution tool kit to investigate potential proceeds of crime, without a criminal conviction.  However, there are ways to challenge them and the instruction of a specialist POCA lawyer is the best method.

For many years, prosecuting authorities have had the power to seize cash from anyone they suspect to have obtained it unlawfully.  It is then forfeited unless evidence can be adduced to satisfy the Court that the cash has in fact come from a legitimate source.  These powers have been extended under the Criminal Finances Act 2017 with the implementation of the AFrO and AFO scheme.

Reasonable Grounds for Suspicion

For the prosecuting authority to obtain an AFrO under Section 303Z1 of POCA they must have ‘reasonable grounds’ for suspecting that money held in a bank account is recoverable property or that it is intended for unlawful conduct.  ‘Reasonable grounds’ must be on an understandable and proper basis.  The application is usually made, without notice, to the Magistrates’ Court and the prosecuting authority must also inform the court of any reasons why the money in the account may be legitimate.

If the Court agrees to make an AFrO, the intended recipient will then be informed and the AFrO served on them.  One of the most significant decisions will then be whether the appellant wishes to challenge the order.  There may be a number of different ways to do this and instructing an expert POCA lawyer will assist in making an informed decision on how to proceed.

Challenging an Order

There is no Legal Aid funding to challenge an AFrO or AFO.  The Respondent is not facing criminal proceedings and so may find that all of their money is tied up in the frozen account.  If that is the case a specialist lawyer can seek a variation to release money to cover reasonable living expenses, legitimate business expenditure, and legal expenses if necessary.  The appellant should be able to obtain a ‘no quibble’ initial sum so get the ball rolling.

If the Respondent does not challenge the AFrO within the allotted time period an application may be made to forfeit the money in the bank account by the prosecuting authority.  They must satisfy the Court that the money held in the bank account is recoverable property or intended for unlawful conduct and if so, the money will be forfeited.  It is then distributed under the Asset Forfeiture Initiative Scheme.

There is currently no easy route to appeal an AFrO.  The legislation does not provide for this and so it is absolutely paramount that the moment you receive an AFrO you seek specialist advice.

Get the Help You Need with Account Freezing and Forfeiture Orders

How Lauren and her specialist team of lawyers can help you:

  • Exclude funds for living expenses.
  • Challenge the lawfulness of any AFrO.
  • Challenge the AFrO or AFO.
  • Advise third parties.
  • Reach a settlement.

For the help and assistance you need get in touch with us today:

  • Call: 0113 244 0597
  • Email: poca@cohencramer.co.uk
  • Request a call back by entering your details into the form at the bottom of this page

For the Quality Legal Service that You Deserve

 

Using your phone while driving: when is a phone not a phone?

An offence to use your phone while driving.

Using your phone while driving: when is a phone not a phone? We all, or we should, know that it is an offence to use our phones when driving. S41 (D) of the Road Traffic Act 1988 makes it is an offence to use a handheld mobile telephone or other handheld interactive communication devices when driving.

But what if you are not actually using your phone to make a call?

In a recent judgement from the High Court in the case of DPP -v- Barreto it was held that using a mobile telephone to take a photograph or film was not “using” a mobile phone so far as the law was concerned.  The reasoning behind this is complicated because the law also prohibits the use of an interactive communication device and makes no distinction between a mobile telephone and any other interactive communication device.

In simple terms, however, if you use your mobile telephone when driving to make a telephone call then you are guilty of an offence.  If you use it to record video footage or to skip through tracks of music then you are not guilty.

If you read an email or a text it would seem you are not guilty of using a mobile telephone but if you send an email or a text you would be.

So I can use my phone to check my emails while I am driving and escape prosecution?

This does not mean that you would be not guilty of any offence.  You could be charged with driving without due care and attention.  You could be charged with dangerous driving in certain circumstances.

However just simply “using” your telephone whilst driving does not, in layman’s language, mean that you are “using” the telephone so far as the law is concerned.

John Goodwin is a director and criminal solicitor at Cohen Cramer Solicitors: 12/08/19